Peru: Peru Lauren Crozier Ashley Hoyle Lisa Horak Amberle Moore Tina Payne


Absolute Location: Absolute Location Extends from the equator to 18 00 South latitude and from 81 00 West longitude to 69 00 West longitude Total Area: 1,285,220 sq kilometers (496,000 sq miles) 1,280,000 sq km land 5,220 sq km water


Absolute Location cont.: Absolute Location cont. Capital is Lima 12 03 South latitude, 77 03 West longitude Highest Point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 meters 9 00 South latitude, 78 00 West longitude Lowest Point: Pacific Ocean


Relative Location: Relative Location In Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean. Situated between Ecuador to the north and Chile to the South. Also neighbors with Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia. In the Andes Mountain Range. Slightly smaller than Alaska. Shares control of Lake Titicaca, the world’s highest navigable lake, with Bolivia


Regions of Peru: Regions of Peru


Coastal Zone: Coastal Zone Narrow coastal plain Mainly deserted and crossed by fertile valleys Hotter than the Sahara Settlement is confined to river valleys and small sections of the coast 50 rivers run through the region


Highlands: The Andes: Highlands: The Andes Part of the Andean Mountain Range Has some peaks above 6000 meters of altitude. The jungle, is a zone of high fertile lands, of subtropical type One of the world's most unstable mountain ranges frequent earthquakes, landslides, and flash floods. Site of the most fascinating pre-Columbian cities of South America-like Machu Picchu.


Selva: Selva Dense forest region Surrounds the headwaters of the Amazon River. Beneath the eastern slopes of the Andes. The region's capital of Iquitos 400,000 people Accessible only by air or by boat Access paths are rare and not very accessible during rain season Oil and natural gas were recently discovered in this area The region may one day be better linked to the rest of the country.


Slide9: Amazonas Ancash Apurimac Arequipa Ayacucho Cajamarca Callao Cusco Huancavelica Huanuco Ica Junin La Libertad Lambayeque Lima Lima* Loreto Madre de Dios Moquegua Pasco Piura Puno San Martin Tacna Tumbes Ucayali


Physical Characteristics: Physical Characteristics Climate Tropical in east Dry desert in west Temperate to frigid in Andes region


Wildlife - Animals: Wildlife - Animals Greatest bio-diversity in the world Over 1,800 species of birds (120 endemic to Peru) Hundreds of mammals jaguar and pumas, river dolphins, chinchillas and viscachas Rich in marine life sea-lions, otter, and many seabirds


Wildlife - Plants: Wildlife - Plants Coast Seems barren apart from cactus Certain hilly areas known as lomas get enough mist to sustain plants, shrubs, insects and hummingbirds. The Highlands above the tree-line is known as puna Bushes, cactus and drought-resistant plants, such as ichu grass The most spectacular plant is the gigantic Puya raimondii seen near Huaraz. Amazon Huge tropical trees and strange palms and canopy plants.


People: People Population of 28,302,603 (July 2006) 70% urban 30% rural The population is made up of three major demographics: Mestizos – about 39% Indians – about 50% Whites – about 10% Orientals and Blacks – about 1% Birthrate: 20.48 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)


Religion: Religion Roman Catholic 81% Seventh Day Adventist 1.4% Other Christian 0.7% Other 0.6% Unspecified or none 16.3% (2003 est.)


Government: Government Became independent on July 28, 1821 President: Alan Garcia Perez (since July 2006) Prime Minister Jorge Del Castillo Galvez (since July 2006). No executive power; figurehead Constitutional Republic (Constitution: December 31, 1993)


Housing: Housing Urban Adobe, concrete, etc Single-family homes, high-rises, public housing Poor families live in slums or squatter communities Rural Self-made housing Adobe walls and roofs of thatch or handmade tile Selva – twigs or bamboo walls with roofs of grass or palm thatch


Food Habits: Food Habits Urban Varied diet of cereal products, vegetables, meat, and fish Often spiced with onions and hot peppers Rice, potato, and bread served with most meals Highlands Potatoes, beans, corn, squash, soups made with barley or wheat Chew leaves of the coca plant Selva Corn, cassava (starchy root), fish, small game, fruits, nuts


Clothing: Clothing Whites and Mestizos wear mainly western clothing Indians in the mountain region wear some traditional garments of hand-woven cloth Selva – little clothing for climate and movement purposes


Human-Environmental Interactions: Human-Environmental Interactions Humans adapt to the environment Humans modify the environment Humans depend on the environment


Adapting to the Environment: Adapting to the Environment Examples: A group of people live on Uros, artificial islands made from floating reeds. National Parks – try to preserve/protect the diversity of Peru’s wildlife and ecosystems Titicaca in Puno-preserve ecosystems of Lake Titicaca Manu - a Reserve of Biosphere (most representative area of Amazon biodiversity)


Modifying the Environment: Modifying the Environment The people must make the most of the space they have. This leads to building cities like the one above, Costa Verde, which are literally built on cliffs.


Modifying the Environment: Modifying the Environment Pan-American Highway Runs from Fairbanks, Alaska to Quellón, Chile. It crosses through various climates from jungles to mountains. Waterways created in the Amazon River System and within Lake Titicaca. These highways and waterways lead to more air and land pollution, which disturb the natural ecosystems surrounding them. Rainforest Deforestation Peru is the third largest country in rainforest land in the world but now one-fifth of the total rainforest land has already been destroyed and the rest is still in danger


Dependent on the Environment: Dependent on the Environment The Alto Mayo Protection Forest was also set up to guarantee a water supply for the people. This water is also for agricultural and industrial uses in other parts of the region.


Movement: Movement


Art: Art Shaped by melting between Spanish and Amerindian cultures Major center of artistic expression in The Americas Pre-Inca cultures developed high quality pottery, jewelry, sculpture, and architecture.


Sports : Sports Football (Soccer): Most popular sport in Peru. Soccer legends from Peru include: Hugo Sotil, Cesar Cueto, Roberto Challe, and others Sailing: The only country of the region that has won the World Cup in the Sunfish Class for six consecutive years


Sports Cont.: Sports Cont. Shooting: Shooters from Peru have won 3 of Peru’s 4 Olympic medals. Edwin Vasquez (1948), Francisco Boza (1984), and Juan Giha (1992). Paleta Fronton: Born in Lima in 1945 The equipment Wood/graphite/carbon blade and a black rubber ball The court concrete wall of 5 meters in height and 6 meters in width lines on the floor limit the court and mark the reception zones


Dance : Dance Many of the dances have roots in: native origin, agricultural work, hunting, and war some show Christian influence. Representative dances of the Andean: The Kashua dance with a communal character Danced in groups in open spaces The Wayno danced by couples in close spaces Dances of ritual The llamerada (dance imitates the llama’s walk) The Kullawada (spinners’ dance) Most known is the Marinera Nortena (represents a man’s courting of a young woman)


Celebrations: Celebrations Differ from town to town Based upon traditions and legends Include Christmas, Corpus Christi, Holy Week, Aymara, and others Aymara literally means “Buy Me.” This celebration combines crafts and miniatures fair with dances, meals, and mass.


Music : Music Derived from Andean, Andalusian, Spanish, and African roots Also common in Peru: Modern Peruvian music, Amazon-influenced music Pre-Hispanic Andean musicians mostly used wind instruments quena, the pinkillo, the erke, the antara or siku, and the pututo Spanish Conquest brought new instruments harps, guitars, vihuelas, bandurrias, and lutes African slaves Influence the rhythms and bring new percussion instruments Festejo, zamacueca, and other music forms show this influence


Economy : Economy Reflects the varied geography: Abundant minerals are found in the mountain areas Coastal areas provide great fishing grounds. Fluctuates Overdependence on minerals and metals Lack of control over trade and investment. In 2005 unemployment and poverty stayed persistently high. From 2002-2005 the economy grew by more than 4%.


Economy Cont.: Economy Cont. Will be driven by: Camisea natural gas megaproject Exports of minerals, textiles, and agricultural products GDP-composition by sector: agriculture 8%, industry 27%, and services 65%


Economic Divisions: Economic Divisions Agricultural products: coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca, poultry, beef, dairy products, fish Industries: mining and refining of minerals, steel, metal fabrication, petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, food processing. One of the largest fishing companies: tuna, anchovettas, sardines, and other ocean fish


Economic Movement: Economic Movement Export Commodities: cooper, gold, zinc, crude petroleum and petroleum products, coffee. Export Partners: US 31.1%, China 10.8%, Canada 5.9%, Switzerland 4.6% Import Commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper Imports Partners: US 18.2%, China 8.5%, Brazil 8%, Ecuador 7.4%, Colombia 6.1%, Argentina 5.1%, Chile 5.1%, Venezuela 4.1%


The Incas: The Incas One of greatest civilizations Began around 1100 CE; height of power in late 1400’s Vast Empire extended 2,500 miles Included over 12 million people speaking 20 different languages Have no writing, wheel, or horses Built huge pyramids, temples, warehouses, and major road system Used courier/messenger system to communicate - quipus Captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533


Machu Pichu: Machu Pichu Lost City of the Incas Means “Old Mountain” in Quechua Pre-Columbian Incan ruin built around 1440 Discovered in 1911 by Hiram Bingham, a Yale historian Elevation is 2,350 m (7,710 ft) Urubamba Valley in Peru about 70 km (44 mi) northwest of Cusco World Heritage Site


Links to Curriculum: Links to Curriculum Competency Goal 1 The learner will use the five themes of geography and geographic tools to answer geographic questions and analyze geographic concepts. Competency Goal 2 The learner will assess the relationship between physical environment and cultural characteristics of selected societies and regions of South America and Europe. Competency Goal 3 The learner will analyze the impact of interactions between humans and their physical environments in South America and Europe. Competency Goal 4 The learner will identify significant patterns in the movement of people, goods and ideas over time and place in South America and Europe. Competency Goal 5 The learner will evaluate the ways people of South America and Europe make decisions about the allocation and use of economic resources. Competency Goal 11 The learner will recognize the common characteristics of different cultures in South America and Europe.  Sixth Grade


References: References Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. (2006). Peru. Retrieved October 7, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru Tropical Rainforest. (2006). Peru: Environmental profile. Retrieved October 8, 2006 from http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20peru.htm World Book Inc. (1990). The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, Il: World Book, Inc. Central Intelligence Agency.  (2006).  The world factbook.   Retrieved September 28, 2006 from https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pe.html Oregon Museum of Science and Industry.  (2006).  Quipus.  Retrieved September 30, 2006 from http://www.omsi.edu/visit/tech/teachers/quipu.pdf